1. The Definition of Logistics
物流的界说
After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place.
在完结商业买卖之后,物流将以最低本钱和最高效益的方法执即将商品从供货商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的进程。这便是物流的界说。在物流进程中,既需求比如物流设备和设备(物流运送工具等)的硬件,也需求对物流施行信息化办理进行物流规范化。此外,政府和物流安排的支撑也不可或缺。
Three major functions of logistics
物流的三大首要功用
(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods.
(1)发明时刻价值:同种产品因所在时刻的不同而有着不同的价值。在产品流通进程中,往往会处于某种阻滞的状况,物流的专业术语就称之为贮存。贮存发明了产品的时刻价值。
(2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics.
(2)发明场所价值: 同种产品因所在方位的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因产品流通进程中而发生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。
(3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods.
(3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能发明配送加工价值,这种物流加工首要改动产品的长度、厚度和包装形状。物流中常常说到的“分割成更小的部分”便是配送加工中最为常见的方法。大大都物流加工都能发明产品的附加价值。

2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:
物流作为新式的商务范畴,阅历了从传统物流向现代物流开展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同首要体现在以下两个方面:
(1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. The goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600×400mm, from the logistics module of 1,200×1,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,591×2,438mm-the size of high×wide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships.
(1)现代物流选用了集装技能。产品物流往往从包装开端,然后阅历运送、贮存和配送等进程。整个进程一直在物流规范化的前提下运转。以物流根底模数尺度600×400MM为根底,拟定出物流模数尺度1200×1000MM,并将其扩展至2591×2438MM,即构成集装箱的高度与宽度规范尺度。并能调整成适宜铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱规范标准尺度。
(2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Internet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry.
(2)信息技能在现代物流中特别重要。条形码、出售时点体系、电子数据传输体系、全球卫星定位体系的运用,极大地进步了物流活动的功率和准确程度。而互联网愈加有助于物流办理的商场开发、运营和办理。

3.International Logistics
世界物流
An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expansion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.
许多企业正经过出口、答应、合营或跨国运营进入世界商场。这种趋势仍将继续。跟着这种趋势的开展，开发世界物流网络成为有必要。整合物流办理和本钱剖析将愈加杂乱和困难。
There are some future trends in internationalization:
世界化将呈现出以下未来趋势：
(1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities
(1)物流将更多地承当起世界责任
(2) Expansion of the number and size of foreign trade zones.
(2)对外贸易区的数量和规划的扩展
(3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation
(3)世界有纸作业和单据制造的数量的削减
(4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm
(4)更多的涉外仓储事务由出口企业运营和操控
(5) Increasing number of smaller firm
(5)小企业的数量增加
(6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing and transportation carriers.
(6)物流服务企业的涉外运营，如公营仓储事务和世界运送商
(7) Increasing multiple distribution channels
(7)增加多配送途径
The international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.
从某些方面讲，世界运送等同于世界物流。因此，当进入世界贸易范畴时，企业有必要树立世界物流体系以供给需求的产品或服务。世界物流的更重要的开展在于大力选用先进的信息体系和施行独立的部分运作。

4.Packaging. Packaging performs two basic functions–marketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and advertising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.
包装。包装履行两个根本的功用—营销和物流。就商场营销而言，包装承当促销和广告的功用。其尺度、分量、色彩和印制的信息会对顾客发生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业进入世界商场营销时，包装就显得更为重要。出口到国外的产品需求运送更长的间隔，阅历更多的装卸转移。而物流包装在物流进程中起到了维护产品的效果。
Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the re–production and re–processing locations.
废弃物处理。物流进程中的活动也应当包含高效快速地对废弃物进行装卸、运送和仓储。如若废弃物能够从头运用或收回，物流企业应当合理安排并将其运送到再出产或再加工地址。
Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies.
退货处理。退货处理一般叫做反向配送。买方或许因各种原因将产品退回卖方。大都物流体系未能对此类事情作出满足妥善的处理。在许多职业，顾客因修理确保、替换或收回而退回产品，因此反向配送的本钱或许会很高。由于顾客对退货方针的要求愈加灵敏、愈加实惠，反向配送将愈加重要。

5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL)
第三方物流
Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.
第三方物流供给了一切的物流活动。他们在榜首方（供货商或出产商）和第二方（买方或顾客）之间扮演着桥梁或设备供货商的人物。第三方物流供给商的根本方针是下降供货商的全体物流本钱，进步顾客服务水平。
Third Part Logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pick–ups and deliveries, whereas in–house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows:
第三方物流增加十分敏捷。本钱下降和对更好更廉价的服务的需求是增加背面的动力。第三方物流供给商能够将来自几家企业的事务进行整合，并能供给频频的提货和交货，而企业内部运送无法做到。（第三方物流开展的）其它原因如下：
* The company does not specialize in logistics;
* 企业并不专善于物流
* The company does not have sufficient resources;
* 企业本身没有满足的物流资源
* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities in–house;
* 对施行更好的物流运作的期盼，或没有时刻开发内部物流所需求的才能
* The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;
* 企业正出资一项新范畴，该范畴有着不同的物流需求
* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.
* 外包物流运营或许比整合物流运营愈加有吸引力

6.Global Logistics
全球物流
Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.
发达国家常在两个方面施行全球化:在第三世界国家追求更大的本钱优势,以及在其他国家寻觅新的合作伙伴出产零配件、半成品甚至制成品。这第二个方面迫使发达国家不得不进入一个叫做“全球物流”的新范畴。
Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.
全球运营的利益包含(取得)廉价的原材料和终端产品,下降的劳作本钱,更好的质量,进步世界竞赛力以及更好的客户服务。其缺陷首要是交货的不牢靠性,困难的交流以及从产品的规划到产品的出产完结需求更长的时刻。面临的应战常常来自于文明和言语的差异,法令要求,物流支撑,寻求适宜的全球供货商或出产商,外汇汇率等。
There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow.
全球物流涉及到三种流通:物料流通,单据流通和资金流通。

7.Logistics into the Future
物流走向未来
Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth:
物流正以高速改动着。其高速增加原因有二:
Firstly, pressure to change by the development of the system itself
榜首,因本身体系的开展而被逼革新
(1) High–speed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand
(1)高速计算机体系和数据交换体系能继续地对用户需求施行流通和操作
(2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing
(2)经过计算机和数据加工能完成愈加灵敏的准确的物流方案和办理
(3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions accuracy
(3)柔性计算机设备有助于问题的处理和进步决议方案的准确度
(4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting
(4)对全体本钱衡量和财务办理的清醒认识
Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy.
第二,来自规划经济革新的压力。
(1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition
(1)为了追求更大竞赛力,关于不同规划商场的处理需求有灵敏性
(2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing.
(2)商场标准和零售增加的大幅度进步
(3) Life cycles for products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible
(3) 产品的出产周期缩短。物流体系就要更高效、更快、更灵敏
(4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another
(4) 从规划出产转向柔性出产体系(FMS) 。这些体系能使企业从一种产品的出产敏捷转向另一种产品的出产
(5) Competitive pressures lead to more efforts to improve customer service.
(5)竞赛的压力导致企业愈加努力地进步客户服务水平。

8.The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:
物流整合的进程可分为四个阶段:
Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).
榜首阶段:开端于0世纪60年代的美国,涉及到一切相关的配送活动的整合。别离的经销部分得和谐与货品配送办理(PDM)相关的一切进程的办理。
Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.
第二阶段:PDM应用于物流、部件和半成品的往复流通活动,一般称之为“物料办理”。至20世纪70年代晚期,许多企业业已树立了“物流部分”以全权负责与出产运作相关的上游和下流产品的转移、仓储和装卸等。
Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re–engineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “ System integration” occurred. Cross–functional integration should achieve greater results.
第三阶段:因其成为面临很多功用的接口,物流承当起重要的和谐效果。跟着20世纪90年代前期事务流程再造(BPR)的呈现,物流及其相关功用的联系被从头界说。“体系整合”开端呈现。功用穿插整合应该大幅度完成。
Stage 4. Establish Supply Chain Management( SCM) to achieve supply chain optimization and minimize inventory.
第四阶段:树立供应链办理体系(SCM)以完成合理的供应链办理并完成库存的最小化。

9.Transportation System
运送体系
There are five transportation modes—motor, rail, air, water, or pipeline. In addition, certain modal combinations are available, including rail–motor, motor–water, motor–air, and rail–water. Such inter–modal combinations offer specialized or lower cost services not generally available than a single transport mode. Other transporters include freight forwarders, shipper cooperatives, parcel post, United Parcel Service( UPS), and other parcel service.
有五种运送形式—汽运、铁运、水运、空运和管道运送。此外,多式联运也是常用的,它包含铁运—汽运联运,汽运—水运联运,汽运—空运联运和铁运—水运联运等。与独自运送方法比较,世界多式联运可供给愈加专业化和低本钱的服务。其他运送商还有货运代理人,邮寄人合作社,邮包运送,联合邮包快递(UPS),以及其他包裹运送服务。
Factors Influencing Transportation Costs
与运送本钱相关的要素
As transportation cost can be significant, the firm must identify and control the factors that affect these costs. In general, factors influencing transportation costs can be grouped into two major categories–product related factors and market–related factors.
因运送本钱的重要性,企业应当辨认和操控与本钱相关的要素。一般来说,与运送有关的本钱能够分红两大类—与产品相关的要素和与商场相关的要素。
Factors to influence the cost of transportation can be grouped into the categories: (1) transport distances; (2) transport linkages; (3) transport equipment, and (4) transport time.
涉及到运送本钱的要素能够分红以下几类:1)运送间隔；2)运送线路；3)运送设备；和4)运送时刻。
Important market–related factors also affect transportation costs. The most significant ones include: (1) competition from different carriers; (2) location of markets; (3) government regulation of transportation carriers; (4) freight traffic in a region; (5) seasonality of product movements; and (6) whether the product is being transported domestically or internationally. Each of these factors will affect the overall transportation costs.
重要的商场相关要素也影响到运送本钱。最有影响的一些要素包含:1)来自不同承运人的竞赛；2)商场位置；3)政府拟定的承运规矩；4)区域交通；5)产品活动的季节性；和6)产品是进行国内仍是世界运送。这其间每个要素都影响着整个运送本钱。

10. The Economic and Service Characteristics of Motor Transportation
轿车运送的经济性和服务特性
Motor carries transport over 75 percent of the tonnage of agricultural products, many manufactured products and consumer goods. Usually, motor carries compete with air for small shipments and rail for large shipments. An efficient motor carrier can compete with an air carrier on door-to-door service for many size shipment if the distance involved is 1,000 miles or less. This is because motor carriers realize greater efficiencies in terminal, pickup and delivery operations.
如以吨位记,在农产品、大都工业制造品和消费品的运送中,轿车运送的运量超过了75%。一般,轿车运送与小批量的空运和大批量的铁运比较,都有其竞赛力。假如运距不小于1000英里,关于任何批量的货品的门到门运送,轿车运送都能比空运具有更大的竞赛力。这是由于汽运承运人意识到在终端运送、提交货操作中,汽运具有极高的功率。
Motor carriers are more flexible than other modes. Motor carriers can use a wide range network of roads, and can transport products of varying sizes and weights over and distance. Truly, motor carriers can transport and product. Their flexibility has enabled them to become the dominant form of transport in the United States and in many other parts of the world.
与其他运送方法比较,汽运愈加灵敏。汽运可运用宽广的公路网络,可运送不同标准和分量的产品,不受运送间隔的限制。事实上,汽运可承当各种产品的运送。这种灵敏性使得汽运成为美国甚至世界上大都区域首要的运送方法。
In general, motor carriage offers the customer fast, reliable service with little damage or loss in transit. Motor carriers give much faster service than railroads and compare favorably with air carriers on short hauls. Many motor carriers, particularly those involved in “just-in-time” programs, operate on a scheduled timetable. This results in very short and reliable transit times. Loss and damage ratios for motor carriers and substantially lower than for rail and are slightly higher than for air freight. No other mode can provide the market coverage offered by motor carriers.
一般地说,汽运能向客户供给敏捷而牢靠的服务,而在转运中几乎没有丢失、损坏。汽运比铁运的速度更快,而就近距离邮寄而言,汽运比空运有优势。大都汽运承运人,特别是履行“JIT”(及时作业)方案的承运人,往往依照承运时刻表运营。这就使得转运的时刻更短、更牢靠。汽运的丢失和损坏的份额远比铁运低而比空运要高得多。没有其他任何运送方法能像汽运那样供给商场覆盖面。
The amount of freight transported by motor carriers has steadily increased over the years. That trend is likely to continue in the years ahead. As long as it is able to provide fast, efficient service at rates between those offered by rail and air, the motor carriage industry will continue to prosper.
近年来,汽运承当的运送量继续稳步地上升。这种趋势在未来仍将或许继续下去。只需汽运比铁运和空运能供给更快、更高效的服务,汽运转业就将继续昌盛。

***.rail transport generally costs less than air and motor carriage. For many shipments, rail does not compare favorably with other modes on loss and damage ratios. It has disadvantages compared to motor carriers in terms of transit time and frequency of service. Trains travel on timetable schedules, but departures are less frequent than those of a motor carrier. If a shipper has strict arrival and departure requirements, railroads are at a competitive disadvantage compared to motor carriers. Some of this disadvantage may be overcome through combined transport, which offers the economy of rail movement linked with the flexibility of trucking. Truck trailers are delivered to the rail terminals, where they are loaded on flatbed railcars. At the destination ter